Evaluation of the Public-Private Mix for Tuberculosis Control in Vietnam (2015–2023)

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of the Public-Private Mix (PPM) initiative for tuberculosis (TB) control in Vietnam from 2015 to 2023 and to analyze key factors influencing its implementation.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, incorporating a desk review of reports and data on PPM implementation for TB control from 2015 to 2023, alongside qualitative interviews. A total of twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with key informants from the Ministry of Health, the National Tuberculosis Program, provincial Departments of Health, and public and private healthcare facilities. The study was carried out in four provinces/cities: Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Nam, and Ho Chi Minh City.

Results: The number of provinces participating in the PPM initiative increased from 24 in 2015 to 63 in 2023. During this period, the number of TB cases detected through PPM rose from 9,182 in 2015 to 26,300 in 2023, accounting for 5.6% to 33.4% of all detected TB cases. The key determinants influencing PPM implementation included policy and governance, financial resources, and human resource capacity. In which, policy and governance factors are the most important influencing factors. Conflicts or discrepancies between certain policies can severely hinder the participation of private healthcare facilities in the PPM program.

Conclusion: The PPM initiative for TB control in Vietnam has made substantial progress, expanding nationwide and significantly enhancing TB case detection. However, addressing policy inconsistencies, strengthening human resource capacity, and fostering greater private sector engagement are crucial to ensuring the sustainability and scalability of the program.

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